![]() Finally practical applications from the three methodologies are presented together with an extensive list of references. Phenomena, concepts and insights are presented briefly and modelling of coastal hydrodynamics using physical, numerical and composite models is described. In the following sections a general outline is given initially with the main characteristics of the coastal hydrodynamics and the associated physical, numerical and composite modelling of the main coastal processes. Research is being carried out to improve the representation of tides, waves, currents, and surge in coastal waters. ![]() ![]() Hydrodynamic modelling forms the basis for many modelling studies, whether sediment transport, morphology, waves, water quality and/or ecological changes are being investigated. Physical models (PM) refer to the use of laboratory models at an appropriate scale ( micro, small, medium and large scale models ) for investigating the relevant process, numerical models (NM) refer to the use of computer codes (commercial, open source, home-made software) and composite models (CM) refer to the integrated and balanced use of physical and numerical models. ![]() In the analysis of the coastal hydrodynamic processes, modelling (physical, numerical and composite) is often employed to simulate major physical phenomena in the coastal region.
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